Um novo bloco eurasiano? Caracterizando a atividade dos antigos países soviéticos e turcos na Assembleia Geral da ONU
Autores
-
Vlademir Monteiro
Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE)
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2800-6194
-
Vinícius Santana
Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE)
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0189-3755
-
Rafael Mesquita
Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE)
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6042-1606
Resumo
Os países soviéticos foram o bloco mais coeso na Assembleia Geral da ONU (AGNU) durante a era bipolar, após a qual a clivagem Leste-Oeste foi substituída por uma divisão Norte-Sul. Assim, o espaço soviético caiu fora da atenção da investigação da ONU na era pós-Guerra Fria. No entanto, esta polarização Norte-Sul surge principalmente de análises eleitorais que ignoram outras actividades interestatais na ONU. Uma análise dos padrões de patrocínio de projectos de resolução da última década, em contraste, revela grupos alternativos, incluindo um agrupamento com países da antiga União Soviética, da Europa de Leste e de língua turca, sugerindo alguma unidade entre a Arménia, o Azerbaijão, a Bielorrússia, o Cazaquistão, o Quirguizistão, Rússia, Tadjiquistão, Turquia, Turcomenistão e Uzbequistão. À luz dessas evidências, este artigo exploratório utiliza dados sobre o patrocínio da AGNU entre 2009 e 2019 para caracterizar descritivamente esta nova coligação de países da Eurásia, investigando qual é o seu padrão de atividade da AGNU e quais os tópicos que os unem como grupo.
Palavras-chave:
UNGA, Sponsorship, Coalitions, Former Soviet countries, Turkic countriesReferências
Acharya, A. (2016) Regionalism beyond EU-centrism. En T. Borzel & T. Risse (Eds). The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Regionalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Akçam, T. (2010). Facing History: Denial and the Turkish National Security Concept. En E. Ben-Ze’ev, J. Winter & Ruth Ginio (Eds.). Shadows of War a Social History of Silence in the Twentieth Century (pp. 173–80). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Anker, M. et al. (2010). The Caspian sea region towards 2025: Caspian inc. national giants or trade and transit?. Delft: Eburon Academic Publishers.
Bailey, M., Strezhnev, A., & Voeten, E. (2016). Estimating Dynamic State Preferences from United Nations Voting Data. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 61(2), 430–456. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002715595700.
Bohr, A. (2004). Regionalism in Central Asia: New Geopolitics, Old Regional Order. International Affairs, 80(3): 485–502.
Börzel, T. (2011). Comparative Regionalism: a new research agenda. KFG Working Paper Serie: The Transformative Power of Europe, 1(28): 1-38. Retrieved from https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/37475.
Börzel, T. & Risse, T. (2016). Introduction: Framework of the book and conceptual clarifications. In T. A. Börzel, &. T. Risse (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Regionalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Chané, A. & Sharma, A. (2016). Universal Human Rights? Exploring Contestation and Consensus in the UN Human Rights Council. Human Rights. & International Legal Discourse, 10(2): 219-247.
Costa-Buranelli, F. (2021). Central Asian Regionalism or Central Asian Order? Some Reflections. Central Asian Affairs, 1: 1-18. https://doi.org/10.30965/22142290-bja10015.
Costa-Buranelli, F. (2014). May we have a say? Central Asian states in the UN General Assembly. Journal of Eurasian Studies, 5(1): 131-144. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.euras.2014.05.002.
Davutoğlu, Ahmet. (2008). Turkey’s Foreign Policy Vision: An Assessment of 2007. Insight Turkey, 10 (1): 77-96. Retrieved from https://www.insightturkey.com/articles/turkeys-foreign-policy-vision-an-assessment-of-2007.
Dijkhuizen, F., & Onderčo, M. (2019b). Sponsorship behaviour of the BRICS in the United Nations General Assembly. Third World Quarterly, 40(11), 2035–2051. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2019.1622411.
Dragneva, R. & Wolczuk, K. (2017). “The Eurasian Economic Union Deals, Rules and the Exercise of Power. Russia and Eurasia Programme. Chatham House, 1-27. Retrieved from https://www.chathamhouse.org/2017/05/eurasian-economic-union.
Emelyanovich, O. (2012). International Cooperation of States in Combating Human Trafficking – the Case of Belarus. In S. Devetak & O. Sirbu (Eds.), EU migration policy and its reflection in third countries: Belarus, Moldova, Russia, Ukraine (pp. 187–98). Maribor: ISCOMET Institute for Ethnic and Regional Studies.
Finke, D. (2021). Regime type and co-sponsorship in the UN General Assembly. International Interactions, 47(3), 559–578. https://doi.org/10.1080/03050629.2020.1865947.
Gerring, J. (2012a). Social science methodology: A unified framework. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Gerring, J. (2012b). Mere Description. British Journal of Political Science, 42(4), 721–746.
Ghica, L. A. (2013). Beyond Regional Integration? Social Constructivism, Regional Cohesiveness and the Regionalism Puzzle. Studia Politica: Romanian Political Science Review, 13(4), 733-752.
Hamel-Green, M. (2009). Nuclear-weapon-free zone initiatives: challenges and opportunities for regional cooperation on non-proliferation. Global Change, Peace & Security, 21(3), 357–376. https://doi.org/10.1080/14781150903169042.
Hancock, K. & Libman, A. (2016). Eurasia. In T. A. Börzel, &. T. Risse (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Regionalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hecht, C. (2021). When democratic governance unites and divides: Social status and contestation in the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. Cooperation and Conflict, 56(1), 44–64. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010836720906191
Hurrell, A. (2007). One world? Many worlds? The place of regions in the study of international society. International Affairs, 83(1), 127–146. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2346.2007.00606.x
Ilyin, I., Stanislav, B. & Malkov, S. (2016). The empirical analysis of voting results in the UN General Assembly. Globa-listics and Globalization Studies 1(1): 249-270.
Jackson, N. (2019). Outer Space in Russia’s Security Strategy. In R. Kanet (Ed.). Routledge Handbook of Russian Security (pp. 229–37). London: Routledge.
Kacowicz, A. M. (2018). Regional governance and global governance: Links explanations. Global Governance, 24(1), 61–79.
Kassenova, T. (2014). Kazakhstan and the global nuclear order. Central Asian Affairs, 1(2), 273–286. https://doi.org/10.1163/22142290-00102006.
Kassenova, T. (2022). Atomic steppe: How Kazakhstan gave up the bomb. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Kazharski, A. (2019). Eurasian integration and the Russian world: Regionalism as an identitiary Enterprise. New York: Central European University Press.
Kerr, J. (2018). Authoritarian Practices in the Digital Age | Information, security, and authoritarian stability: Internet policy diffusion and coordination in the former Soviet region.” International Journal of Communication, 12: 21.
Kınıklıoğlu, S. (2022). Eurasianism in Turkey. SWP Research Paper 7 (1-32). https://doi.org/10.18449/2022RP07.
Kim, S. Y., & Russett, B. (1996). The new politics of voting alignments in the United Nations General Assembly. International Organization, 50(4), 629–652. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300033531.
Kupchan, C. After Pax Americana: benign power, regional integration, and the sources of a stable multilpolarity. International Security, 23(2), 40-79. https://doi.org/10.1162/isec.23.2.40
Kurşun, A. M., & Dal, E. P. (2017). An Analysis of Turkey’s and BRICS’ Voting Cohesion in the UN General Assembly during 2002–2014. Global Policy, 8(2), 191–201. https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12405.
Kurilev, K., Degterev, D. A., Stanis, D., & Smolik, N. (2018). A quantitative analysis of geopolitical pluralism in the Post-Soviet space. International Organisations Research Journal, 13(1), 134–156. https://doi.org/10.17323/1996-7845-2018-01-08.
Laruelle, M. (2012, August 1). Factoring the Regional Impact of Uzbekistan’s Withdrawal from the CSTO. German Marshall Fund of the United States. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep18654?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents.
Lijphart, A. (1963). The analysis of bloc voting in the General Assembly: A critique and a proposal. American Political Science Review, 57(4), 902–917. https://doi.org/10.2307/1952608.
Manoli, P. (2010). Where is Black Sea regionalism heading? Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 10(3), 323–339. https:// doi.org/10.1080/14683857.2010.503642
Mearsheimer, J. (2001). The tragedy of great power politics. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
Mesquita, R., & Seabra, P. (2020). Go Global or Go Home: Comparing the Regional vs. Global Engagement of Brazil and South Africa at the UN General Assembly. Politikon, 47(3), 361–384. https://doi.org/10.1080/02589346.2020.1796185
Mesquita, R., & Santos, A. H. P. D. (2022). What are UN General Assembly resolutions for? Four views on parliamentary diplomacy. International Studies Review, 25(1). https://doi.org/10.1093/isr/viac058
Mosello, B. (2008). Water in Central Asia: A Prospect of Conflict or Cooperation? Journal of Public and International Affairs, 8: 151–73.
Mostafa, G. & Mahmood, M. (2018). Eurasian Economic Union: Evolution, challenges and possible future directions, Journal of Eurasian Studies, 9(2): 163-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euras.2018.05.00.
Nikitina, Y. (2021). Russia’s Regionalism Projects in Eurasia. In: M. D. Cross & I. P. Karolewski (Eds.), European-Russian Power Relations in Turbulent Times, (pp. 217-238). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Nurullayev, D., & Papa, M. (2023). Bloc Politics at the UN: How Other States Behave When the United States and China–Russia Disagree. Global Studies Quarterly, 3(3): ksad034. https://doi.org/10.1093/isagsq/ksad034
Nocetti, J. (2015). Contest and conquest: Russia and global internet governance. International Affairs, 91(1), 111–130. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.12189
Obydenkova, A. (2011). Comparative Regionalism: Eurasian Cooperation and European Integration. the Case for Neo-functionalism? Journal of Eurasian Studies, 2(2), 87–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euras.2011.03.001
Parrish, S. & Potter, W. (2006). Central Asian States Establish Nuclear-Weapon-Free-Zone despite US Opposition. James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies. Retrieved from https://nonproliferation.org/central-asian-states-establish-nuclear-weapon-free-zone-despite-us-opposition-2/.
Panke, D. (2020). States in international organizations: Promoting regional positions in international politics? International Journal, 75(4), 629–651. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020702020965267
Parthenay, K. (2022). Multilatéralisme et régionalismes: Imbrications et configurations plurielles dans un ordre global en mutation. In J. Fernandez & J. Holeindre (Orgs.), Nations désunies ? La crise du multilatéralisme dans les relations internationals (pp. 263-279). Paris: CNRS Éditions.
Prys, M. (2010). Hegemony, domination, detachment: Differences in regional powerhood. International Studies Review, 12(4), 479–504. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40931354
Robinson, T. (1998). Nonproliferation approaches in the Caucasus. The Nonproliferation Review, 5(2), 108–120. https://doi.org/10.1080/10736709808436712.
Saipov, Z. (2012a). Factors That Influenced Uzbekistan’s Decision to Pull out of the CSTO: The View from Tashkent. Eurasia Daily Monitor, 9(136).
Saipov, Z. (2012b). New Foreign Policy Strategy Paper Codifies Uzbekistan’s Reluctance toward Restrictive Alliances. Eurasia Daily Monitor, 9(13).
Santana, V. S. (2021). Azerbaijan as a potential regional leader in the South Caucasus. Caucasus Strategic Perspectives, 2(1): 41-56.
Seabra, P. & Mesquita, R. (2022). Beyond roll-call voting: Sponsorship dynamics at the UN General Assembly, International Studies Quarterly, 66(2): https://doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqac008.
Seabra, P. & Mesquita, R. (2023). Wavering or privileged cooperation? Portugal and Lusophone Africa at the UN General Assembly”. In P. Duarte, R. Albuquerque & A. Tavares (Eds.), Portugal and the Lusophone World: Law, Geopolitics and Institutional Cooperation (pp. 493- 509). Singapore: Palgrave Macmilllan,
Smith, K. & Laatikainen, K. (Eds.). (2020). Group Politics in UN Multilateralism. Leiden; Boston: Brill Nijhoff.
Söderbaum, F. (2015). Early, Old, New and Comparative Regionalism: The scholarly development of the field. KFG Working Paper Series, 1(64): 1-29. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2687942.
Stewart-Ingersoll, R. & Frazier, D. (2012). Regional powers and security orders: A theoretical framework. Abingdon, Oxon: New York: Routledge.
Tanrısever, O. F. (2018). Discourses and politics of Eurasianism in Turkey during the 2000s. In V. Talbot (Ed.), Turkey: Towards a Eurasian shift? (13-34). Milano: Ledizioni LediPublishing.
Taspinar, O. (2008). Turkey’s Middle East Policies Between Neo-Ottomanism and Kemalism. Carnegie Papers (pp. 1-29). Retrieved from https://carnegieendowment.org/2008/10/07/turkey-s-middle-east-policies-between-neo-ottomanism-and-kemalism-pub-22209.
Torbakov, I. (2018). After Empire: Nationalist imagination and symbolic politics in Russia and Eurasia in the twentieth and twenty-first century. Stuttgart: ibidem-Verlag.
Vinokurov, E. (2017). Eurasian Economic Union: Current state and preliminary results. Russian Journal of Economics, 3(1), 54–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ruje.2017.02.004.
Yalınkılıçlı, E. (2018). Uzbekistan as a Gateway for Turkey’s Return to Central Asia. Insight Turkey 20(4): 27–44. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/26542171.
Twitter